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<main>
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<h1 id="tap-networking-and-bridges"><a class="header" href="#tap-networking-and-bridges">TAP Networking and Bridges</a></h1>
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<p>TAP networking gives VMs a real presence on a host network, with full Layer 2 connectivity.</p>
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<h2 id="creating-a-bridge"><a class="header" href="#creating-a-bridge">Creating a Bridge</a></h2>
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<pre><code class="language-bash"># Create bridge
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sudo ip link add br0 type bridge
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sudo ip link set br0 up
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# Assign an IP to the bridge (optional, for host-to-guest communication)
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sudo ip addr add 10.0.0.1/24 dev br0
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="dhcp-with-dnsmasq"><a class="header" href="#dhcp-with-dnsmasq">DHCP with dnsmasq</a></h2>
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<p>Provide IP addresses to guests:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">sudo dnsmasq \
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--interface=br0 \
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--bind-interfaces \
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--dhcp-range=10.0.0.100,10.0.0.200,12h \
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--no-daemon
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="ip-forwarding-and-nat"><a class="header" href="#ip-forwarding-and-nat">IP Forwarding and NAT</a></h2>
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<p>If you want guests to reach the internet:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash"># Enable forwarding
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sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
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# NAT outbound traffic
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sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/24 ! -o br0 -j MASQUERADE
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="using-with-vmctl"><a class="header" href="#using-with-vmctl">Using with vmctl</a></h2>
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<h3 id="imperative"><a class="header" href="#imperative">Imperative</a></h3>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">vmctl create --name myvm --image ./image.qcow2 --bridge br0
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</code></pre>
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<h3 id="declarative"><a class="header" href="#declarative">Declarative</a></h3>
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<pre><code class="language-kdl">vm "myvm" {
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image "image.qcow2"
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network "tap" {
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bridge "br0"
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}
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cloud-init {
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hostname "myvm"
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}
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ssh {
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user "ubuntu"
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="ip-discovery"><a class="header" href="#ip-discovery">IP Discovery</a></h2>
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<p>vmctl discovers TAP-networked guest IPs by:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Checking the ARP table (<code>ip neigh show</code>) for the guest's MAC address on the bridge.</li>
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<li>Falling back to dnsmasq lease files.</li>
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</ol>
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<p>This happens automatically when you run <code>vmctl ssh</code> or provisioners.</p>
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<h2 id="security-considerations"><a class="header" href="#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></h2>
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<ul>
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<li>TAP interfaces may bypass host firewall rules.</li>
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<li>Guests on the bridge can see other devices on the network.</li>
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<li>Use iptables rules on the bridge to restrict traffic if needed.</li>
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</ul>
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